Vending machine



Oct. 3, 1961 w. DANZIGER 3,

VENDING MACHINE Filed Oct. 13, 1958 4 Sheets-Sheet 1 jgaLL-ublt ATTORNEY.i nflmimll r V// W H W. DANZIGER Oct. 3, 1961 VENDING MACHINE 4Sheets-Sheet 2 Filed Oct. 13, 1958.

my l Hill miiliiillmm Hum INVE'NTOR MZZwLm Danzz o ATTORNEY 1961 w.DANZIGER 3,002,653

VENDING MACHINE Filed Oct. 15, 1958 4 Sheets-Sheet 3 INVENTOR7451160072, flanzz'yer CJQM ZEZZBL ATTOR N EY Oct. 3, 1961 w, DANZIGER3,002,653

VENDING MACHINE Filed Oct. 13, 1958 4 Sheets-Sheet 4 FIG 8 FIG IO 45:8043,80 1 FIG 7 i 1% 89 84 I an i l 1 Q; N I I i- 82 9/ I I I I 30 I I l II I 1 90 I I I l 1 I I I 85 i J 3/ 43,8O I 82 3 INVENTOR W vWL'ZZI/amDanzz' er 30 BY 43180 4 A W 43,80 ATTORNEY rates This inventionrelates to a new and more advanced vending machine, of the coin actuatedtype, for storing and selling cigarettes and other packaged goods insubstantially larger varieties than appears to be provided for in thetrade.

The invention is believed to meet a growing need for a coin operatedvender which stores and sells a wider range of merchandise choices thanis provided for by an earlier machine manufactured and supplied thetrade under a co-pending application filed on October 10, 1955, Ser. No.539,394, by Harold Roth and myself, relating to ejecting mechanism onlyand not to increased storage of packages for more brand choices, asprovided for by my sole invention herein.

Referring briefly to said earlier case, i.e., its patent drawings andthe reference characters therein, it is seen that when its door 3 isopened the stationary rear hoppers row 36 is accessible for servicing(filling it with packages) by swinging the front hoppers row 43 outward.That machine is a two-row hoppers, twenty-column vender, and deliversits packages P to the delivery tray in the usual way. The stationaryrear hoppers row 36 and the swingable hoppers row 43 are carried in achassis between the two upright standards 30 and 31.

The patent drawings (FIG. 6) of the earlier machine show a frontejecting cradle 61 for vending packages P from the front swingablehopper row 43 and a rear ejecting cradle 63 for the stationary rearhopper row 36. Each swingable cradle 61 and 63 is provided with itsejecting fingers 67, one for each package storage hopper in the tworows.

It is noted in the earlier case that the front cradle 61 is inhorizontal alignment with the bottom of the rear hopper row 36, and thatthe latter cannot very well be arranged to swing outward due to theobstruction interposed by the higher front vending cradle 61. This factinterposes a problem, solved by the present invention, and enables me toprovide an additional hopper row at the rear of the cradle 61, which iscapable of swinging outward above and over the cradle 61 in a mannersimilar to that swing out arrangement of the single hopper row 43 in theearlier case.

The foregoing summary of the patent drawings of the earlier case includethose reference part numbers which are useful in describing my inventionherein. The last part number in the earlier case is 75. Accordingly, indescribing the present invention, I have started with part No. 80 todistinguish from the part numbers in the earlier case drawings. Thisfirst No. 80 on the new machine drawings herein points to a third hopperrow 80 of ten columns which is added to the two-row hopper machine ofthe earlier case. This provides a total of thirty hoppers in my newmachine, hence a thirty-variety choice of cigarettes which it can storeand sell.

Having the general structure of the earlier vender in mind, it is a mainpurpose of the present invention to mount two front parallel rows of tenhoppers on the pivoted front stringer plate 38 (shown in the earliercase), thereby, with the ten hoppers in the stationary row, provide atotal of thirty. Likewise, I retain the swing cradles 61 and 63 withtheir ejecting fingers 67, together With other features of the earliermachine used in my new vender but omitted from the present patentdrawatent Iiatented Get. 3, i951 The attached drawings are nowconsidered. along with this specification and claimed subject matterdisclosing the invention as preferred and embodied at this time for anunderstanding of the problem discovered and new results sought. Sincethe teachings herein may suggest structural changes to others, it willbe appreciated that subsequent modifications hereof may well beequivalent in form and hence the same in spirit as this. disclosure.

The new drawings are made from a production (commercial) specimen of mynew 30-column cigarette vender. However, those parts of it which are notessential to the invention have been omitted from the drawings. Also,separate parts of it (which were welded or anchored together solely formanufacturing purposes) have been shown integrally. These schematicviews are presented to illustrate the inventive concept and principlesinvolved, rather than the exact commercial structural form of my newthree-hopper rows, thirty-column, vender.

FIG. 1 is a schematic view in perspective, looking from the front rightside of my new thirty-column cigarette vender, showing the earlier fronthopper row 43 and adjacent second new rear hopper row 8i) built together(integrated or joined) and thus adapted to operate (move) as'a hopperrows unit 43, 8%. It lifts up and swings outward, for convenience infilling (servicing) the second row of hoppers of the movable unit withpackages.

The first view also shows the swinging cradles 61 and 63 with theirejecting fingers 67 of the earlier vender case.

Furthermore, FIG. 1 shows the earlier third row 36 of package hoppers(in phantom). It is stationary on the machine chassis and notspecifically related to the present invention since the third row isaccessible for servicing (filling it with packages) in the same manneras in the earlier case.

Note that FIG. 1 shows only the left and right ends of the threeparallel hopper rows 43, 8t), and 36, in order to enlarge the workingparts in this view. Both FIGS. 1 and 6 show an omission of hoppers, asindicated by the break-line B.

FIG. 2 is an end view (reduced scale) of FIG. 1 taken on the line 2 ofthe latter. This view shows the righthand end of my newlift-and-swing-out hopper rows unit.

FIG. 3 is an enlarged view of the lower end of the rear (second or back)hopper of the movable hopper rows unit. This view shows (1) a cyclinginterlock and (2) an aligning down stop. The machine is in action,ejecting a package.

FIG. 4 is a section on the line 4 of FIG. 3, showing a front or faceview of the aligning down stop, comprising a slip-in stud fixed on therear of the movable hopper rows unit. The stud is center-seated in analignment pocket fixed on the stationary chassis. It makes the entirehopper rows unit 43, 80 steady against endwise (lateral) misalignment,but permits normal up and down movement of the unit.

FIG. 5 is also an end view (like FIG. 2) but it is an action View. Thehopper rows unit has been released 1 from a hold down latch and alsofrom its aligning down stop and, thereafter, lifted upward eithermanually or by two lift springs first shown in FIG. 1, thus elevatedabove the high point of the high front cradle 61 which, otherwise,obstructs (in the path of) the new hopper row 80, when it and the frontrow 43 swing outward as in FIG. 6.

FIG. 6 is also an action view. It shows a rear elevation of the hopperrows unit not only lifted upward, as in FIG. 5, but now swung outward90, in order to gain access to the back or second row 80' of hoppers ofthe movable unit for the purpose of more conveniently filling its backrow with packages.

Note that the action views, FIGS. and 6, aid an understanding of themode of operation as well as the principle of this new thirty-columnvender, having two swing-out hopper rows 43 and 80,,supplemei1ted by theone stationary earlier machine hopper row 36.

Sheet 4 of the drawings shows a pair of spring-loaded upright slidebearings, one at the left-hand end of the movable hopper rows unit andthe other at its right-hand end. The one at the left is combined with ahinge which provides for the swing out (FIG. 6) of the lifted (FIG. 5)hopper rows unit.

FIGS. 7 and 8 are paired, side by side, and are to be read together.They show the two different positions occupied by the left-hand liftspring combined with the hinge means first shown in FIG. 1, by which mynew hopper rows unit 43, 80 is swung outward (FIG. 6) to gain access tothe back side of my new hopper row 89, by which to fill its columns withpackages P, when the operator also fills the last hopper row 36 (FIGS. 1and 2) in the rear of the cabinet.

FIG. 7 shows the left-hand lift spring initially compressed(spring-loaded) on its hinge pin slide bearing, when the two hopper rowsunit 43, 80 has been serviced, has been pushed down manually by aservice operator, latched down, and in vending position as in FIGS. 1,2, 3 and 4.

FIG. 8 shows the left-hand lift spring expanded, hence up, elevating thehopper rows unit (FIGS. 5 and 6) on the hinge pin slide-bearing at theleft-hand end of the two row hopper unit 43, 80.

FIGS. 9 and 10 are also paired, side by side. They are also to be readtogether. Note that these two views show the two different positionsoccupied by the right-hand lift spring first shown in FIG. 1. Itcomplements (assists) the left-hand lift spring, when an operator isadjusting (or lifting) the unit upward into FIG. 5 position.

FIG. 9 shows the right-hand lift spring in its down position(compressed, spring-loaded) when the hopper rows unit 43, 80 is down invending position, as in FIGS. 1, 2, 3 and 4.

FIG. 10 shows the right-hand lift spring (expanded) when it has lifted(or assisted) the hopper rows until 43, 80 upwardly (FIG. 5), inreadiness to swinging outward (FIG. 6).

It is believed that the foregoing description discloses the invention.Each view has been presented in detail. The earlier case, by itsdrawings, has been referred to. The new parallel two-row hoppers-unit43, 80 has been explained. However, further details are described.

More detailed description of my new vender In more particularlydescribing my invention, the parts of the earlier vender heretoforesummarized are used in combination with the new elements constitutingthe improvement. In the earlier drawings, the last part number(reference character) is 75. Accordingly, the new parts constituting myimprovement start with reference No. 80, as heretofore noted.

Accordingly, I utilize the front swing hopper row 43 of the earliervender and mount my new hopper row 89 on or with it, by employing twochannel stringers 81 to which the two hopper rows 43 and 80 are welded.In this 'way, I provide two rows of hoppers at the front 'of my machine,and they are accessible by opening the door 3 of the cabinet. The twojoined (integrated) front hopper rows may be referred to as the hopperrows unit or lift swing out unit 43, 80.

Two spaced hinge pin ears 82 are shown fixed to or integrally on theleft end of the hopper rows unit 43, 80. A hinge pin 83 (rod or shaft)is fixed in the lower ear, and thus in fixed relation with the hopperrows unit. The left end chassis standard 30 in the earlier case and alsoin this improved machine has two spaced bearing flanges 84 extendinginwardly of the cabinet, and a lift spring 85 is compressed on the hingepin 83 between the upper ear 82 of the hopper rows unit and the lowerflange 84 of the chassis 30. See FIGS. 7 and 8.

A stop lug 86 (FIGS. 2, 5, 6, 7 and 8) is fixed on the left end of thehopper rows unit,.in vertical alignment with the lower bearing flange34. This stop lug 36 seats and rests upon the lower flange 84- when thehopper rows unit 43, 80 is down in normal vending position (FIGS. 1-4and 7), and rises above it when the hopper rows unit is lifted (FIGS. 5and 8) and thereafter swung outward (FIG. 6).

The right end of the hopper rows unit is provided with a spring-loadedlifting mechanism, as now described. A horizontal lift bar 88 is fixed(welded) on the right end of the hopper rows unit 43, 8%). It serves asa stringer to secure the two hopper rows together and, moreover, is apart of the spring-loaded lift means, which complements thespring-loaded lift means at the left end of the hopper rows unit.

It is noted that the right end standard 31 of the machine chassis hastwo spaced bracket lugs 89 extending inward of the machine chassis. Aguide rod 90 is fixed in the two lugs 39 and thus is a stationary partwith the chassis. A lift plate 1 has its bearing hub slidably mounted onthe guide rod 90 for an up and down movement thereon. Note that thisslidable lift plate 91 extends under and in vertical alignment with thelift bar 88 fixed on the right end'of the hopper rows unit and, therebyadapted to engage it.

A lift coil spring 92 is initially compressed on the guide rod 90, withthe upper end of the spring engaging the movable lift plate 91 forurging the latter upwardly. The lower end of the lift spring 92 stopsagainst the stationary bracket lug 89 on the chassis 31. Under initialcompression, the spring pushes up on the bearing hub of the lift plate91 and against the lift bar 88 on the hopper rows unit 43, 80. 7

It will be understood that the initial compression of the lift spring 92approximately conforms to that of the lift spring 85 at the opposite endof the hopper rows unit 43, 80. With this arrangement, the two liftsprings 85 and 92 (one at each end of the unit), tend to urge the entireunit upwardly on an even keel, equalized, and in exact horizontalbalance.

In the event that the package hoppers of the unit are loaded withpackages, the operator will assist the two springs 85 and 92 by manuallyadjusting the unit upwardly. On the other hand, the unit may riseautomatically if it is empty, when the operator makes ready to servicethe vender and fill it with packages.

A horizontal swing bar 93 has its left end pivoted at 94 on the chassisstandard 34 extends the full length of the hopper rows unit 43, 80 atthe front of the latter, and is manually operated by a service man oroperator for releasing the unit in order that the latter may bedisplaced upward, swung out and filled with packages. Incidentally, theswing bar 93 is made sufficiently wide to support a match book magazinedispenser (not shown) usually included in the mechanism of a vendingmachine.

A left side latch 95 is provided at the left end of the swing bar 93 andcomprises a hook which overrides, engages, and holds down against a lugon the left end of the hopper (FIGS. 1, 2 and 5). Similarly, a righthook 96 is provided on the right end of the swing bar, and it rides-over and holds down the forward end of the lift bar 88. The twolatching means 95 and 96 are rigidly formed on the swing bar 93 and maybe released from the hopper rows unit 43, 80 by an operator who grips ahandle shown on the latch 96, .or otherwise pulls the bar outward torelease the two latches 95 and 96.

The left end hook 95 and right end hook 96 cooperate to stabilizethehopper rows unit 43, 80 in its normal vending position. Each hook islocated at opposite'ends of the unit and anchors it in a locked down andprecisely even-keel vending position against up movement from the twolifting springs 85 and 92.

There is next provided a means for ensuring that the above describedpivoted swing bar 93 will remain in its required exact position, withthe two manually operable latches 95 and 96 gripping the hopper rowsunit 43, 80. Since the unit is being pushed upwardly by the lift springs85 and 92, it is necessary to provide a chassis anchorage for the rightend of the swing bar 93 to insure against slight misalignment relativelyto the chassis 30, 31 which lost-motion at the pivot 94 might otherwisepermit.

A levelling stud 97 projects from the right end of the swing bar 93 andis moved into a definite stop position under the chassis 31 or aprojection therefrom marked 31 in FIGS. 1 and 2. t In this way thechassis, as a foundation, establishes a positive levelling position,through the levelling stud 97, for the entire length of the pivotedswing -bar 93. This ensures that the bar 93 holds the hopper rows unit43, 80 in normal vending position, i.e., in precise operative relationto the coin operated vend mechanism underneath the hoppers, as laterexplained.

A stud hook 98 is pivoted on the chassis 31 (see FIGS. 1 and 2) andhooks over the levelling stud 97 to positively hold the stud under thechassis bracket 31 and hence the two latches 95 and 96 in lockingposition. The several anchorage means involved ties the hopper rows unitand swing bar together as one and also the latter to the machinechassis.

The foregoing description covers a triple latch and/or hook means 95, 96and 98, which anchors the hopper rows unit 43, 80 against forward andupper displacement, thereby serving those two important functions inmaintaining the unit in precisely exact vending position. However, theforegoing latching and/ or hook means does not provide for a positiveand accurately locked down stop against lateral (endwise) misalignmentof the hopper rows unit. Accordingly, the latter is next described.

A channel rail 99 has its end (FIGS. 1 and 6) projecting from the rightend of the second or back row 80 of the hopper rows unit. The channelrail 99 as a whole has parts and performs a function in the machineother than here related to the invention, but those parts are omitted. Aheaded slip-in stud 100 is rigidly carried on the rail end 99. Acentering pocket 101 is fixed on the chassis standard'31. The pocket hasa V-shaped slot entry for the head and shank of the slip-in stud 100(FIGS. 1 through 5).

The stud 100 and its centering pocket or socket 101, in combination, maybe referred to as an aligning down stop. When the hopper rows unit 43,80 is locked down in vending position, by the aforesaid triple latchand/or hook means 95, 96 and 98, the aligning stop slip-in stud 100 sitsin its pocket 101 and provides a precisely accurate down position forthe lower ends of the hopper bottoms, in order that the vending(ejecting) mechanism underneath the hoppers may properly align andoperate to vend packages therefrom. In other Words, the mobile hopperrows unit 43, 80 is fixed against mobility (lateral, edgewise)fractional misalignment, in relation to the ejecting mechanism 61 and 63underneath thereof.

According to the foregoing, it is seen that the aligning down stop parts100 and 101 at one end of the hopper rows unit, complemented by the stoplug 86 (FIGS. 2, 5, 7 and 8) at the other end, insures a centered andparallel alignment (against lateral misalignment) of the hopper bottomswith their underneath vending (eject) mechanism, next explained.

The front ejecting cradle 61, and rear ejecting cradle 63 are,respectively, for the front and rear hopper rows 43 and of my new mobilehopper rows unit. As noted from the reference numbers, these twoejecting cradles, with their ejecting fingers 67, are the same parts asused in the earlier machine.

It is now apparent that the front cradle 61 is in forward horizontalalignment with the lower portion of the bottoms of the second hopper row80 (FIG. 2). Therefore, my new hopper rows unit 43, 80 cannot be swungoutwardly, to the left, on its hinge 83, without first raising the unit.FIG. 5 demonstrates how it is first lifted, in order to clear the frontcradle 61 which otherwise would obstruct it.

The cycle interlock This element of the invention provides means forprotecting the delicate vending and ejecting mechanism 61 and 63 fromdamage in the event an operator undertakes to lift the hopper rows unit43, 80 when, indeed, the machine may have stopped in the middle of itsvending cycle (FIG. 3). In the event of the latter, an ejecting finger67 is operatively engaged with and on the inside of one of the hopperbottoms. The hopper rows unit, if lifted, would damage the ejectingfingers 67 and other parts of the hopper rows unit 43, 80.

To prevent such damage to this new machine, an automatic interlock, orcycle lock 102, is pivotally mounted on the chassis standard 31 (FIG.1). It is also shown (FIGS. 2, 3 and 5) mounted on its pivot which is insection, and thus without the chassis standard 31. In FIG. 3, however,the stationary frame support 31 for the pivot of the cycle lock 102 isshown in phantom (dot-dash lines).

The cycle interlock 102 comprises a simple form of weighted hook, thehook portion forming the top end and a weight forming the bottom end ofthis automatic lock. The lower weighted end of the lock 102 urges itclockwise. Consequently, its hook always engages the lower flange of thechannel rail 99, heretofore men tioned. Note also that the cycleinterlock 102 is located at the rear of the machine and not convenientlyaccessible to the operator, by which he might release it if the machinehas a mishap and stops in the middle of a vending cycle (FIG. 3).

The interlock 102 is entirely automatic, in that it is released from therear channel 99 only at the time the rear cradle 63 has returned to itsback position at the end of its vending cycle, whereupon the cradle 63engages (strikes) the lower weighted end of the cycle lock 102 andforces its hook counterclockwise, thereby disengaging it from thechannel rail 99.

In the foregoing manner, the interlock 102 positively prevents inoperator from raising the hopper rows unit 43, 80 in the event that themachine stops in the middle of its cycle (FIG. 3) when ejecting apackage P from the bottom of a hopper. The operator cannot do so,despite the fact he may have released the swing bar 93 and the stud hook98 at the front of the machine. He must first get the machine startedagain, or work it by hand, until it completes a cycle and releases theinterlock (FIG. 2), before the mobile hopper rows unit is raised (FIG.5).

This disclosure explains the principles of the invention and the bestmode contemplated in applying such principles, so as to distinguish theinvention from others;

and there is particularly pointed out and distinctly claimed the part,improvement or combination, which is believed to be the invention ordiscovery.

This invention is presented to fill a need for a new and useful vendingmachine. Various modifications in construction, mode of operation, useand method, may and often do occur to others, especially so afteracquaintance with an invention. Accordingly, it is to be understood thatthis disclosure is exemplary of the principles herein and embracesequivalent constructions.

What is claimed is:

1. In a known vending machine, having a cabinet and chassis, on whichare mounted parts of said known machine, including three or moreparallel rows of package storage hoppers, the front row thereof havingits lower ends located above the lower ends of the second row ofhoppers, with a package ejecting finger under the bottom of each fronthopper, and an ejecting finger similarly under the bottom of each secondrow hopper, hence a row of ejecting fingers for said front and secondrows of hoppers, the front row of ejecting fingers being positionedabove and thus higher than the second row of ejecting fingers andthereby disposed in the horizontal path of the second row of hopperbottoms, with power means for actuating the ejecting fingers through avending cycle; that improvement in said known vending machine, whichconsists in joining said front and second parallel rows of hoppers as aunit, thus providing a hopper rows unit, in combination with astructural arrangement, by which the unit may be elevated from itsnormal vending position, and moved outwardly of said cabinet, in orderto have access to the back side of the second row of hoppers of themovable unit for filling said second row with packages, and thenreturning and holding the unit to its fixed position; said improvedarrangement comprising an upright slide-bearing, which mounts the hopperrows unit in the chassis, for a limited up and down movement in relationto the ejecting finger rows; a hinge at one end of the hopper rows unit,a spring-loaded means exerting an upward lift against the hopper rowsunit, operative along the slide-bearing, so that the bottoms of thesecond row of hoppers may be first adjusted by an operator to an upposition, above the higher front ejecting finger row, and thereafterundergo a swing-out clearance over it; a hold down latch to secure thehopper rows unit in down position, against the exerted upward lift,adjacent the respective ejecting finger rows; and a releasable aligningdown stop, acting to position and accurately center, by exact location,the down position of the bottoms of all the hoppers of the hopper rowsunit, in operative relation to the respective ejecting finger rows, fornormal vending operations.

2. A vending machine as a claim 1, characterized by means included inthe hold down latch, adapting it to be manually released by an operator,in order that he may adjust the hopper rows unit upward, to gainclearance above the front higher ejecting finger row, and thereupon,swing the unit outward, so as to gain access to the back side of thehopper rows unit, for loading its rear hoppers with packages; andlikewise including a cycling interlock operatively mounted on thechassis at the rear of the hopper rows unit, beyond convenient reach ofthe operator, for locking the hopper rows unit in normally downposition, and in operative alignment with the ejecting finger rows,centered by the aligning down stop; and also means for automaticallyreleasing the cycling interlock only at the end of each vending cycle.

3. A vending machine as in claim- 1, characterized by a horizontal swingbar, a pivot carrying that end of the swing bar which is on the sameside of the machine as the hinge of the hopper rows unit; the swing barlength being substantially equal to the horizontal length of the hopperrows unit, and located at the front of the latter, accessible to anoperator when servicing the machine; and two of said hold down latchescarried in spaced relation on the swing bar, one latch near each end ofthe hopper rows unit.

' 4. A vending machine as in claim 1, wherein the spring-loaded meanscomprises a coil spring at eachend of the hopper rows unit, whichuniformly exertsaid upward lift at each end of the unit.

5. In a known vending machine, having a cabinet and chassis, on whichare mounted parts of said known machine, including three or moreparallel rows of package storage hoppers, the front row thereof havingits lower ends located above the lower ends of the second row ofhoppers, with a package ejecting finger under the bottom of each fronthopper, and an ejecting finger similarly under the bottom of each secondrow hopper, hence a'row of ejecting fingers for said front and saidsecond rows of hoppers, the front row of ejecting fingers beingpositioned above and thus higher than the second row of ejecting fingersand thereby disposed in the horizontal path of the second row of hopperbottoms, with power means for actuating the ejecting fingers through avending cycle; that improvement in said known vending machine, whichconsists in joining said front and said second parallel rows of hoppersas a unit, thus providing a. hopper rows unit, in combination with astructural arrangement, by which the unit may be elevated from itsnormal vending position, and moved outwardly of said cabinet, in orderto have access to the back side of said second row of hoppers of themovable hopper rows unit for filling its said second row with packages,and then returning and fixedly holding the unit to and in exactoperative relation with the respective rows of ejecting fingers; saidimproved structural arrangement comprising an upright slide-bearing,which mounts the hopper rows unit in the chassis, for a limited up anddown movement in relation to the ejecting finger rows; a hinge at oneend of the hopper rows unit, a means exerting an upward lift against thehopper rows unit, operative along the slide-bearing, so that the bottomsof the second row of hoppers may be first elevated to an up position,above the higher front ejecting finger row, and thereafter undergo anoutward clearance movement over it; also a hold down means to secure thehopper rows unit in down position, against the exerted upward lift,adjacent the respective ejective finger rows; and an aligning down stopmeans, acting to position and accurately center, by exact location, thedown position of the bottoms of all the hoppers of the hopper rows unit,in exact operative relation to the respective ejecting finger rows, fornormal vending operations.

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